Students may receive credit for academic courses taken at postsecondary institutions that were regionally accredited at the time the courses were taken. Courses accepted for transfer credit must parallel courses offered at Drake University or otherwise be appropriate for college-level credit. Other details include:
Drake University awards advanced standing credit through several programs. In consultation with faculty advisors, all credits accepted are applied toward completion of Drake Curriculum, major, or elective requirements. Course equivalencies shown are used as guidelines in the process and are subject to change.
During orientation and registration, students are encouraged to register for classes according to the guidelines for advanced credit and the scores they expect to achieve. If actual scores are different from those anticipated, class schedules may be adjusted accordingly after arrival on campus. Official transcripts must be provided to the Office of Student Records and Academic Information directly from the issuing organizations prior to the beginning of a student's first semester at Drake.
Duplication: Credit will not be granted for any AP, IB, or CLEP exam for which college credit has already been earned. Students will not be granted credit for a lower-level course in a sequence of courses after credit in a higher-level course has been earned.
Science Majors: Students majoring in a science, a pre-professional science-related field, or pharmacy should contact the appropriate department or college to verify how science credits earned through these programs will be applied to the major.
See text below the following tables for limitations on certain exams/courses.
Faculty advisors will determine whether acceptable AP coursework will be applied toward Drake Curriculum, major, or elective requirements. Credit for other AP examinations will be reviewed as needed.
|
AP EXAM |
REQUIRED SCORE |
CREDITS EARNED |
DRAKE EQUIVALENT |
|
African American Studies (Coming Fall 2024) |
4 |
3 |
WLC 151 |
| Art History | 4 | 3 | ART 075 |
| Art: Drawing | 4 | 3 | ART Elective |
| Art: 2-D Art and Design | 4 | 3 | ART 013 |
| Art: 3-D Art and Design | 4 | 3 | ART 014 |
| Biology | 4 | 8 | BIO 001, 001L, BIO Elective |
| Calculus AB* | 4 | 6 | MATH 050, MATH 070 |
| Calculus AB subgrade | 4 | 6 | MATH 050, MATH 070 |
| Calculus BC* | 4 | 8 | MATH 050, MATH 070 |
| Capstone Research Seminar |
4 4 |
3 3 |
General Elective General Elective |
| Chemistry**** | 4 | 8 | CHEM 001, CHEM 002, CHEM 003, CHEM 004 |
| Chinese Lang & Culture | 4 | 6 | CHIN 001, CHIN 002 |
| Comparative Gov’t & Politics | 4 | 3 | POLS 065 |
| Computer Science A | 4 | 3 | CS 065 |
| Computer Science Principles | 4 | 3 | CS 010 |
| Economics: Macro | 4 | 3 | ECON 010 |
| Economics: Micro | 4 | 3 | ECON 002 |
| English Language & Composition** | 4 | 6 | ENG Elective |
| English Literature & Composition** | 4 | 6 | ENG Elective |
| Environmental Science | 4 | 3 | ENSS 035 |
| European History | 4 | 6 | HIST Elective |
| French Lang***** | 4 | 6 | FREN 001, FREN 002 |
| French Literature*** | 4 | 9 | FREN 001, FREN 002, FREN 003 |
| German Lang***** | 4 | 6 | GERM 001, GERM 002 |
| Human Geography | 4 | 3 | SCSG Elective |
| Italian Language & Culture***** | 4 | 6 | General Elective |
| Japanese Language & Culture***** | 4 | 6 | JAPN 001, JAPN 002 |
| Latin Literature | 4 | 6 | General Elective |
| Latin: Vergil | 4 | 6 | General Elective |
| Music Theory | 4 | 4 | Evaluated on an Individual Basis |
| Physics 1 | 4 | 4 | PHY 011 |
| Physics 2 | 4 | 4 | PHY 012 |
| Physics B | 4 | 8 | PHY 011, PHY 012 |
| Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism | 4 | 4 | PHY 002 |
| Physics C: Mechanics | 4 | 4 | PHY 001 |
| Precalculus (Coming Fall 2024) | 4 | 5 | MATH 020, MATH Elective |
| Psychology | 4 | 4 | PSY 001 |
| Spanish Lang***** | 4 | 6 | SPAN 001, SPAN 002 |
| Spanish Literature*** | 4 | 9 | SPAN 001, SPAN 002, SPAN 003 |
| Statistics | 4 | 3 | STAT 071 |
| U.S. Government & Politics | 4 | 3 | POLS 001 |
| U.S. History | 4 | 6 | HIST 075, HIST 076 |
| World History | 4 | 6 | HIST 011, HIST 012 |
* Not more than 8 semester hours of Advanced Placement credit for Calculus will be granted.
** Not more than a total of 6 semester hours of Advanced Placement English credit will be granted.
*** Students who complete both Language and Literature classes in French and Spanish will receive only 3 additional credits for the Literature exam.
**** Students who opt to take CHEM 001-004 at Drake will receive credit for CHEM 006, CHEM 007, and CHEM Elective credit. Pharmacy students will receive credit for CHEM 006, CHEM 007, and CHEM Elective credit.
*****Students who wish to minor in a world language cannot count transfer credits towards their minor. Students will have to take a placement exam before enrolling in the language of their choosing.
Faculty advisers will determine how IB coursework will be applied toward Drake Curriculum, major or elective requirements. Credit for other IB examinations will be reviewed as needed.
|
IB COURSEWORK |
REQUIRED SCORE |
CREDITS EARNED |
DRAKE EQUIVALENT |
|
Arabic Language (AB)*** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
ARAB 001, ARAB 002 |
|
Arabic Language (A1)*** Higher Level |
5 |
9 |
ARAB 001, ARAB 002, ARAB 003 |
|
Arabic Language (A1)*** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
ARAB 001, ARAB 002 |
|
Arabic Language (B)*** Higher Level |
5 |
12 |
ARAB 001, ARAB 002, ARAB 003, ARAB 004 |
|
Arabic Language (B)*** Standard Level |
5 |
9 |
ARAB 001, ARAB 002, ARAB 003 |
|
Art Higher Level |
5 |
3 |
ART Elective |
|
Art Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
ART Elective |
|
Biology Higher Level |
5 |
8 |
BIO 001, BIO 001L, BIO Elective |
|
Biology Standard Level |
5 |
4 |
BIO 001, BIO 001L |
|
Business & Management Higher Level |
4 |
6 |
BUS Elective |
|
Business & Management Standard Level |
4 |
3 |
BUS Elective |
|
Cantonese Language (AB) |
5 |
6 |
General Elective |
|
Cantonese Language (B) Higher Level |
5 |
12 |
General Elective |
|
Cantonese Language (B) Standard Level |
5 |
9 |
General Elective |
|
Chemistry* Higher Level |
4 |
8 |
CHEM 001, CHEM 002, CHEM 003, CHEM 004 |
|
Chemistry** Standard Level |
5 |
4 |
CHEM 001, CHEM 003 |
|
Chinese Language (AB) |
5 |
6 |
CHIN 001, CHIN 002 |
|
Chinese Language (A1) Higher Level |
5 |
9 |
CHIN 001, CHIN 002, CHIN 003 |
|
Chinese Language (A1) Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
CHIN 001, CHIN 002 |
|
Computer Science Higher Level |
4 |
6 |
CS 065, CS Elective |
|
Computer Science Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
CS 065 |
|
Dance Higher Level |
4 |
6 |
THEA Elective |
|
Dance Standard Level |
4 |
3 |
THEA Elective |
|
Design Technology Higher Level |
4 |
7 |
PHSC 001, PHSC Lab, PHSC Elective |
|
Design Technology Standard Level |
4 |
3 |
PHSC 001, PHSC Lab |
|
Economics Higher Level |
5 |
6 |
ECON 002, ECON 010 |
|
Economics Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
ECON 010 |
|
English Language (A): Literature Higher Level |
5 |
6 |
ENG Elective |
|
English Language (A): Literature Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
ENG Elective
|
|
English Language (A): Lang and Lit Higher Level |
5 | 6 | ENG Elective |
|
English Language (A): Lang and Lit Standard Level |
5 | 3 | ENG Elective |
|
English Literature & Performance Standard Level |
5 | 3 | ENG Elective |
|
Env and Soc |
5 |
3 |
ENSS 061 |
|
Film Higher Level |
5 |
3 |
ENG 041 |
|
Film Standard Level |
4 |
3 |
ENG 030 |
|
French Language (AB) *** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
FREN 001, FREN 002 |
|
French Language (A1) *** Higher Level |
5 |
9 |
FREN 001, FREN 002, FREN 003 |
|
French Language (A1) *** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
FREN 001, FREN 002 |
|
French Language (B) *** Higher Level |
5 |
12 |
FREN 001, FREN 002, FREN 003, FREN 004 |
|
French Language (B) *** Standard Level |
5 |
9 |
FREN 001, FREN 002, FREN 003 |
|
Geography Higher Level |
4 |
8 |
SCSG Elective |
|
Geography Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
SCSG Elective |
|
German Language (AB) *** |
5 |
6 |
GERM 001, GERM 002 |
|
German Language (A1) *** Higher Level |
5 |
9 |
GERM 001, GERM 002, GERM 003 |
|
German Language (A1) *** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
GERM 001, GERM 002 |
|
German Language (B) *** Higher Level |
5 |
12 |
GERM 001, GERM 002, GERM 003, GERM 004 |
|
German Language (B) *** Standard Level |
5 |
9 |
GERM 001, GERM 002, GERM 003 |
|
Global Politics Higher Level |
4 |
3 |
POLS 075 |
|
Global Politics Standard Level |
4 | 3 | POLS 075 |
|
Hebrew Language (AB) *** |
5 | 6 | General Elective |
|
Hebrew Language (B) *** Higher Level |
5 | 12 | General Elective |
|
Hebrew Language (B) *** Standard Level |
5 |
9 |
General Elective |
|
Hindi Language (AB) *** |
5 | 6 | General Elective |
|
Hindi Language (B) *** Higher Level |
5 |
12 |
General Elective |
|
Hindi Language (B) *** Standard Level |
5 | 9 | General Elective |
|
History Higher Level (including subcategories) |
5 |
3 |
HIST Elective |
|
History Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
HIST Elective |
|
Information Technology Higher Level |
4 |
3 |
IS Elective |
|
Information Technology Standard Level |
|
|
NO CREDIT |
|
Islamic History Higher Level |
4 |
3 |
HIST Elective |
|
Islamic History Standard Level |
4 |
3 |
HIST Elective |
|
Japanese Language (AB) *** Higher Level |
5 |
9 |
JAPN 001, JAPN 002, JAPN 003 |
|
Japanese Language (AB) *** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
JAPN 001, JAPN 002 |
|
Latin Language Higher Level |
4 |
6 |
General Elective |
|
Latin Language Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
General Elective |
|
Mandarin Language (AB) *** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
General Elective |
|
Mandarin Language (B) *** Higher Level |
5 |
12 |
General Elective |
|
Mandarin Language (B) *** Standard Level |
5 |
9 |
General Elective |
|
Advanced Math Standard Level |
5 |
4 |
MATH 054 |
|
Mathematics Higher Level |
4 |
9 |
MATH 050, MATH Elective |
|
Mathematics Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
MATH 050 |
|
Math Methods Standard Level |
5 |
4 |
MATH 020 |
|
Math Studies Standard Level |
5 |
4 |
MATH 020 |
|
Math Analysis & Approaches |
5 |
15 |
MATH 020, MATH 050, MATH 070, STAT 071, Math Elective |
|
Math Analysis & Approaches |
4 |
9 |
MATH 050, MATH 070, STAT 071 |
|
Math Applications & Interpretation |
5 |
9 |
MATH 050, STAT 071, MATH Elective |
|
Math Applications & Interpretation |
4 |
6 |
MATH 020, STAT 071 |
|
Music Higher Level |
4 |
3 |
MUS Elective |
|
Music Standard Level (including subcategories) |
4 |
3 |
MUS Elective |
|
Philosophy Higher Level |
4 |
3 |
PHIL Elective |
|
Philosophy Standard Level |
4 |
3 |
PHIL Elective |
|
Physics Higher Level |
4 |
8 |
PHY 011, PHY Elective |
|
Physics Standard Level |
4 |
4 |
PHY 011 |
|
Psychology Higher Level |
4 |
4 |
PSY 001 |
|
Psychology Standard Level |
4 |
3 |
PSY 001 |
|
Social Anthropology Higher Level |
4 |
6 |
SCSA 002, SCSA Elective |
|
Social Anthropology Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
SCSA 002 |
|
Spanish A: Lang & Lit |
5 |
12 |
SPAN Upper Elective |
|
Spanish A: Lang & Lit Standard Level |
5 |
9 |
SPAN Upper Elective |
|
Spanish Lang (AB) *** |
5 |
6 |
SPAN 001, SPAN 002 |
|
Spanish Language (A1) *** Higher Level |
5 |
9 |
SPAN 001, SPAN 002, SPAN 003 |
|
Spanish Language (A1) *** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
SPAN 001, SPAN 002 |
|
Spanish Language (B) *** Higher Level |
5 |
12 |
SPAN 001, SPAN 002, SPAN 003, SPAN 004 |
|
Spanish Language (B) *** Standard Level |
5 |
9 |
SPAN 001, SPAN 002, SPAN 003 |
|
Sports Exercise Science |
4 |
6 |
BIO Elective |
|
Sports Exercise Science |
4 |
3 |
BIO Elective |
|
Swahili (AB) *** |
5 |
6 |
General Elective |
|
Swahili (A) *** Higher Level |
5 |
9 |
General Elective |
|
Swahili (A) *** Standard Level |
5 |
6 |
General Elective |
|
Theatre Higher Level |
4 |
4 |
THEA Elective |
|
Theatre Standard Level |
4 |
3 |
THEA Elective |
|
Visual Arts Higher Level |
5 |
3 |
ART Elective |
|
Visual Arts Standard Level |
5 |
3 |
ART Elective |
|
World Religions |
5 |
3 |
REL Elective |
*Students who opt to take CHEM 001-004 at Drake will receive credit for CHEM 006, CHEM 007, and CHEM elective credit. Pharmacy students will receive credit for CHEM 006, CHEM 007, and CHEM elective credit.
**Students who opt to take CHEM 001 and CHEM 003 at Drake will receive credit for CHEM 006 and CHEM 007. Pharmacy students will receive credit for CHEM 006 and CHEM 007.
Any undergraduate student may qualify to earn credit toward graduation through the CLEP subject examinations listed below. The subject exams are essentially end-of-term tests designed to measure achievement in specific college courses.
For any subject exam, the required score may change from year to year. Students are not eligible to earn credit through an examination if they have withdrawn from an equivalent course after the midpoint of the semester. Students who have taken either semester of introductory accounting are not eligible to earn credit by exam for the remaining semester. The maximum possible credit granted through CLEP is 39 hours.
Students with strong backgrounds in any of the following subjects are advised to take the corresponding subject examination. Students must achieve the Drake required score to earn credit in the subject area.
|
CLEP EXAM |
REQUIRED SCORE |
ACE STANDARD |
CREDITS EARNED |
DRAKE EQUIVALENT |
|
American Government |
65 |
50 |
3 |
POLS 001 |
|
Analyzing and Interpreting Lit |
51 |
50 |
3 |
ENG elective |
|
Biology* |
50 |
50 |
4 |
BIO 001, BIO 001L |
|
Business Law |
50 |
50 |
3 |
BLAW 060 |
|
Calculus with Elementary Functions |
61 |
50 |
3 |
MATH 050 |
|
College Mathematics |
61 |
50 |
3 |
MATH 017 |
|
Financial Accounting |
50 |
50 |
3 |
ACCT 041 |
|
History of the United States I |
50 |
50 |
3 |
HIST 075 |
|
History of the United States II |
50 | 50 | 3 | HIST 076 |
|
Human Growth & Development |
50 |
50 |
3 |
EDUC 108 |
|
Macroeconomics, Principles |
50 |
50 |
3 |
ECON 010 |
|
Microeconomics, Principles |
50 |
50 |
3 |
ECON 002 |
|
Precalculus |
61 |
50 |
4 |
MATH 020 |
|
Psychology, Intro |
59 |
50 |
3 |
PSY 001 |
|
Social Sciences and History |
50 |
50 |
6 |
General Elective |
|
Sociology, Intro |
56 |
50 |
3 |
SCSS 001 |
|
Spanish Language |
50 |
50 |
9 |
SPAN 001, SPAN 002, SPAN Elective |
|
Western Civilization I |
50 |
50 |
3 |
HIST elective |
|
Western Civilization II |
50 |
50 |
3 |
HIST elective |
Credit will not be granted for the following exams: Chemistry, College Composition, College Composition Modular, Information Systems, Algebra/Trigonometry, Trigonometry, College Algebra, Principles of Management, Principles of Marketing, and Intro to Educational Psychology.
*None of these apply to the 32 BIO credits and 6 BIO lab courses required for the BIO major. For BIO majors CLEP can count towards the 124 credits required for graduation. BIO 001 and 001L fulfills the life science AOI with lab.
Faculty advisors will determine whether acceptable GCE coursework will be applied toward Drake Curriculum, major, or elective requirements. Credit for other GCE examinations will be reviewed as needed.
If students take AS levels instead of A-levels credits are half of A-Levels.
| GCE NAME | REQUIRED SCORE | HOURS EARNED | DRAKE EQUIVALENT |
| Accounting | C | 6 | ACCT ELECTIVE |
| Accounting (CAPE) | 4 | Varies | ACCT ELECTIVE |
| Afrikaans | C | 9 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Arabic | C | 12 | ARAB ELECTIVE |
| Art & Design | C | 6 | ART ELECTIVE |
| Biblical Studies | C | 3 | REL ELECTIVE |
| Biology | C | 8 | BIO ELECTIVE, LIFE SCI AOI |
| Biology | 4 | Varies | BIO ELECTIVE, LIFE SCI AOI |
| Business | C | 6 | BUS ELECTIVE |
| Caribbean Studies (CAPE) | 4 | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Chemistry | C | 6 | CHEM 001, 002, & CHEM ELECTIVE, PHYSICAL AOI |
| Chemistry | 4 | Varies | CHEM |
| Chinese | C | 9 | CHIN ELECTIVE |
| Classical Studies | C | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Communication Studies (CAPE) | 4 | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Computer Science | C | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Design & Technology | C | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Digital Media & Design | C | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Divinity | C | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Drama | C | 6 | THEA ELECTIVE |
| Economics | C | 6 | ECON 002 & ECON 010 |
| English 1A | C | 6 | ENG ELECTIVE |
| English Abitur | 6 | MATH ELECTIVE, QUAN AOI | |
| English Language | C | 3 | ENG ELECTIVE, WRIT AOI |
| English Language & Literature | C | 6 | ENG ELECTIVE |
| Eng Literature | C | 6 | ENG ELECTIVE |
| Entrepreneurship (CAPE) | 4 | Varies | ENTR ELECTIVE |
| French | C | 6 | FREN ELECTIVE |
| Further Math | C | 6 | MATH ELECTIVE, QUAN AOI |
| General Paper (AS Level Only) | C | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Geography | C | 8 | SCSG ELECTIVE, GLOB AOI |
| German | C | 6 | GERM ELECTIVE |
| Global Perspectives & Research | C | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Government | C | 6 | POLS ELECTIVE |
| Govt/Politics | C | 6 | POLS ELECTIVE |
| Greek | C | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Hindi | C | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| History Arbitur | 6 | HIST ELECTIVE | |
| Hist E. Asia | C | 3 | HIST 021, HISTORICAL & GLOBE AOI |
| History | C | 6 | HIST ELECTIVE, HISTORCIAL AOI |
| Information Technology | C | 6 | IS UPPER LEVEL ELECTIVE |
| Islamic Studies | C | 3 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Japanese (AS level) | C | 3 | JAPN ELECTIVE |
| Language | C | Varies | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Law | C | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Literature | C | Varies | ENG ELECTIVE |
| Literature in English | C | Varies | ENG ELECTIVE |
| Management of Business (CAPE) | 4 | Varies | MGMT ELECTIVE |
| Marine Science | C | Varies | ENSS ELECTIVE |
| Mathematic Arbitur | 8 | MATH ELECTIVE | |
| Maths C | C | Varies | MATH ELECTIVE, QUAN AOI |
| Mathematics | C | 8 | MATH ELECTIVE, QUAN AOI |
| Media Studies | C | 6 | JMC ELECTIVE |
| Music | C | 6 | MUSIC ELECTIVE |
| Management of Business | C | 6 | BUS ELECTIVE |
| MGMT of Business (CAPE) | C | Varies | BUS ELECTIVE |
| Physical Education | C | 4 | GENERAL ELECTIVEG |
| Physics Arbitur | 8 | PHY ELECTIVE | |
| Physics | C | 8 | PHY ELECTIVE, PHYSICAL SCI AOI |
| Physics (CAPE) | 4 | Varies | PHY 0-- |
| PHY 011, PHY 012, PHYSICAL SCI AOI- if both1 & 2 units are taken | |||
| Portuguese | C | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Psychology | C | 4 | PSY ELECTIVE, LIFE AOI |
| Pure Math (CAPE) Unit 1 | 4 OR LOWER | Varies | MATH 050, QUAN AOI |
| Pure Math (CAPE) Unit 2 | 4 OR LOWER | Varies | MATH ELECTIVE, QUAN AOI |
| Religion | C | 6 | RELIGION ELECTIVE |
| Social Science Arbitur | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE | |
| Social Studies | C | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Sociology | C | 6 | SCSS ELECTIVE |
| Spanish Lang & Lit | C | Varies | SPAN ELECTIVE |
| Spanish | C | 6 | SPAN ELECTIVE |
| Sport & Physical Ed | C | Varies | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Statistics | C | 6 | STAT ELECTIVE |
| Tamil | C | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Thinking Skills | C | Varies | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Travel & Tourism | C | 3 | CAREER TECH |
| Urdu-Pakistan Only | C | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
| Urdu | C | 6 | GENERAL ELECTIVE |
Drake University follows the recommendations for baccalaureate credit in the Guide to Evaluation of Educational Experiences in the Armed Services of the Office on Educational Credit of the American Council on Education. Credit is allowed as specified in the upper-division baccalaureate category and the lower-division baccalaureate/associate degree category.
Drake University will review a Service member’s military transcript and where appropriate, recognize, accept and award credit if the military training and experience is applicable to fulfill academic requirements. ACE recommendations are provided to assist an institution in assessing the applicability of military learning experiences to an education program. If appropriate the credit may be applied to a student’s program in various ways: (1) applied to the major to replace a required course, (2) applied to an optional course within the major, (3) applied as a general elective, (4) applied to meet basic degree requirements. Credit granted by Drake must comply with institutional policies and degree requirements.
Admitted students who have met the criteria outlined below will enter Drake University having fulfilled the Drake Curriculum general education requirements (Areas of Inquiry), with the exception of the Senior Capstone requirement in the student's major(s) area of study. Students within one year of high school graduation are required to complete a First Year Seminar.
Criteria
Students are required to submit a final transcript with proof of their degree prior to the beginning of their second term (excluding summer or J-term) of enrollment. Students who fail to provide the appropriate documentation will be required to complete the general education requirements.
Students who do not meet the criteria above will have their credits evaluated on a course-by-course basis.
The information in this catalog does not constitute a contract between the university and the student. The university reserves the right to make changes in curricula, admission policies and processes, tuition and financial aid, academic standards and guidelines, student services and any other regulations or policies set forth in this catalog without giving prior notice.